Examination questions for students of the specialty "Dentistry"

disciplines "Pathological anatomy – pathological anatomy of the head and neck"

General pathology

1. Pathological anatomy: definition, content.
2. The objects of the pathologist's research.
3. Dystrophy: definition, classification, mechanisms of development (morphogenesis).
4. Parenchymal fatty degeneration (lipidosis): morphological manifestations in the liver, myocardium, and kidneys. Clinical significance, outcomes.
5. Parenchymal protein dystrophy (dysproteinosis): types, etiology, morphological manifestations, outcomes. The manifestation and clinical significance of leukoplakia.
6. Stromal vascular protein dystrophy (dysproteinosis). Stages of connective tissue disorganization: name, definition, microscopic signs, clinical significance, outcome.
7. Mixed dystrophies. Characteristics of metabolic disorders of hemoglobinogenic pigments.
8. Necrosis: definition, morphogenesis, macroscopic and microscopic signs. Types of necrosis depending on the cause. Heart attack: causes of development, shape, types of heart attack by color.
9. Necrosis: definition, characteristics of clinical and morphological forms, outcomes, significance.
10. Apoptosis: definition, morphological manifestations. Examples of apoptosis in normal and pathological conditions.
11. Dysregulation of apoptosis, clinical significance.
12. Venous fullness. The reason for the development. Morphological manifestations of general acute and general chronic venous congestion. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and skin with venous fullness.
13. Bleeding: definition, causes, examples of external and internal bleeding, outcomes. Hemorrhage: definition, types.
14. Hemostasis: definition, causes, meaning. Thrombosis, definition, causes, morphology of thrombus, outcomes, clinical significance.
15. Embolism: definition, types, clinical significance.
16. DIC syndrome: definition, pathogenesis (stages). Conditions in which DIC syndrome develops. Shock: definition, symptoms, types. Morphological description of the "shock organ" using the example of kidneys, liver, lung
17. Inflammation: definition, etiology, local signs, classification depending on the nature of the course, stage. Morphological characteristics of forms of exudative inflammation.
18. Inflammation: definition, etiology, local signs, classification depending on the nature of the course, stage. Productive inflammation, characteristics of its varieties.
19. Adaptation processes. Atrophy: definition, types, clinical significance. Hypertrophy: definition, types. Forms of hypertrophy in pathology. "Hyperplasia" is the definition. Hyperplasia in inflammation.
20. Regeneration: definition, forms, types. Reparation: definition, types.
21. Tumors: definition, terminology of benign and malignant tumors. Tumor morphology: macroscopic and microscopic signs. Types of tumor growth. Criteria of benign and malignant tumors. Metastasis – definition, types of metastasis.Pathological regeneration. Hyper- and hyporegeneration, metaplasia, dysplasia: definition, morphological characteristics, meaning.
22. Tumors: definition, terminology of benign and malignant tumors. Tumor morphology: macroscopic and microscopic signs. Types of tumor growth. Criteria of benign and malignant tumors. Metastasis – definition, types of metastasis.
23. Tumors: definition. The molecular basis of carcinogenesis is the types of genes and their role in carcinogenesis. Factors of carcinogenesis. Principles of TNM classification.
24. Melanocytic tumors: classification. Nevi: definition, theories of nevogenesis, types of nevi, morphology of the nevus. Melanoma: definition, morphological criteria for the diagnosis of melanoma. Prognostic factors for melanoma.
25. Tumors of the central nervous system: classification. Glioblastoma: definition, localization, epidemiology, morphogenesis.

Private pathology

1. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis, definition, etiology, morphological characteristics of vascular wall changes, significance.
2. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension: definition. Hypertensive crisis. Morphological changes in the heart and blood vessels in hypertension, significance.
3. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease. Definition, prevalence, and significance. Risk factors. Complications. Causes of death. Sudden coronary death.
4. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Angina, definition, etiology. Morphological manifestations of acute and chronic angina, complications.
5. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. "Gastritis" is the definition. Acute gastritis: etiology, morphological forms of gastritis, outcomes and complications. Chronic gastritis: etiology, classification of the Modified Sydney system (1996), prognosis.
6. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Peptic ulcer disease: definition, etiology (three factors). Macroscopic signs of stages of chronic recurrent ulcer. Morphological characteristics of chronic ulcers during remission and exacerbation. Complications of peptic ulcer disease.
7. Respiratory diseases. Croup pneumonia: synonyms, definition, etiology, route of infection, stages, pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, causes of death.
8. Respiratory diseases. Bronchopneumonia: synonyms, definition, routes of infection, macroscopic and microscopic changes, pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, causes of death.
9. Infectious diseases. Tuberculosis: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and morphological forms. Pathomorphology of primary and hematogenous tuberculosis.
10. Infectious diseases. Tuberculosis: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and morphological forms. Pathomorphology of the phases of secondary tuberculosis.
11. Morphology of inflammatory and tumor-like lesions of the oral mucosa. Malformations of the gums, lips, and tongue.
12. Dental malformation: morphology of the disorder of abundance, size, shape, structure and teething.
13. Dental caries: etiology, pathogenesis, classification, morphological manifestations, outcomes.
14. Non-carious dental lesions: etiology, pathogenesis, types, outcomes.
15. Pulpitis: etiology, clinical and morphological forms. Calcifications of the tooth pulp.
16. Odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastoma. Definition, variants of the tumor. The main morphological features of ameloblastoma.
17. Clinical and morphological forms of periodontitis. Lesions of the tissues around the tip of the tooth root (periapical granuloma, periapical abscess, radicular cyst): definition, etiology, pathomorphology.
18. Odontogenic infection: etiology, ways of spreading. Ludwig's angina, noma, cavernous sinus thrombosis, their pathomorphology.
19. Gingivitis: definition. The main etiological factors, morphological forms. Ulcerative necrotizing gingivitis: etiology, pathomorphology.
20. Periodontitis: definition, pathogenesis. Stages of chronic periodontitis. Morphological characteristics of ulcerative-necrotic periodontitis.
21. Tumor-like lesions of the jaws: central giant cell granuloma, fibrous dysplasia, cherubism, cement-bone dysplasia. Clinical and pathomorphological manifestations.
22. Odontogenic and non-odontogenic jaw cysts. Classification, etiology, pathomorphology.
23. Inflammatory lesions of the jawbones. Ostitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis: definition, etiology, classification. Morphological manifestations. Complications.
24. Mucocele, retention cyst of the salivary gland. Morphological manifestations. Sialolithiasis, sialoadenitis. Etiology, pathomorphology.
25. Tumors of the salivary glands. Pleomorphic adenoma, Worthin's tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Pathomorphological characteristics.