General pathology:
1. Pathological anatomy: definition, content.
2. Objects of the pathologist's research.
3. Dystrophy: definition, classification, mechanisms of development (morphogenesis).
4. Parenchymal protein dystrophies (dysproteinoses): hyaline drip, hydropic, horny. Mechanisms of development, localization, microscopic signs, clinical significance, outcomes.
5. Parenchymal fatty degeneration (lipidosis): morphological manifestations in the liver, myocardium, and kidneys. Clinical significance, outcomes.
6. Stromal vascular protein dystrophies (dysproteinosis). Stages of connective tissue disorganization: name, definition, microscopic signs, clinical significance, outcome.
7. Mixed dystrophies. Characteristics of metabolic disorders of hemoglobinogenic pigments.
8. Necrosis: definition, morphogenesis, macroscopic and microscopic signs. Types of necrosis depending on the cause. Heart attack: causes of development, shape, types of heart attack by color.
9. Necrosis: definition, characteristics of clinical and morphological forms, outcomes, significance.
10. Apoptosis: definition, morphological manifestations. Examples of apoptosis in normal and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of apoptosis, clinical significance.
11. List the groups of circulatory disorders. Arterial fullness. The reason for the development. Physiological arterial hyperemia. Pathological general and local arterial hyperemia. The significance of pathological arterial hyperemia.
12. Venous fullness. The reason for the development. Morphological manifestations of general acute and general chronic venous congestion. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and skin with venous fullness.
13.Bleeding: definition, causes, examples of external and internal bleeding, outcomes. Hemorrhage: definition, types.
14. Hemostasis: definition, causes, meaning. Thrombosis, definition, causes, morphology of thrombus, outcomes, clinical significance.
15. Embolism: definition, types, clinical significance.
16.DIC syndrome: definition, pathogenesis (stages). Conditions in which DIC syndrome develops. Shock: definition, symptoms, types. Morphological description of the "shock organ" using the example of kidneys, liver, and lung.
17. Inflammation: definition, etiology, local signs, classification depending on the nature of the course, stage. Morphological characteristics of forms of exudative inflammation.
18. Inflammation: definition, etiology, local signs, classification depending on the nature of the course, stage. Productive inflammation, characteristics of its varieties.
19. Adaptation processes. Atrophy: definition, types, clinical significance. Hypertrophy: definition, types. Forms of hypertrophy in pathology. "Hyperplasia" is the definition. Hyperplasia in inflammation.
20. Regeneration: definition, forms, types. Reparation: definition, types.
21. Pathological regeneration. Hyper- and hyporegeneration, metaplasia, dysplasia: definition, morphological characteristics, meaning.
22. Tumors: definition, terminology of benign and malignant tumors. Tumor morphology: macroscopic and microscopic signs. Types of tumor growth. Criteria of benign and malignant tumors. Metastasis – definition, types of metastasis.
23. Tumors: definition. The molecular basis of carcinogenesis is the types of genes and their role in carcinogenesis. Factors of carcinogenesis. Principles of TNM classification.
24. Melanocytic tumors: classification. Nevi: definition, theories of nevogenesis, types of nevi, morphology of the nevus. Melanoma: definition, morphological criteria for the diagnosis of melanoma. Prognostic factors for melanoma.
25. Tumors of the central nervous system: classification. Glioblastoma: definition, localization, epidemiology, morphogenesis.
Private pathology:
1. Blood diseases. "Anemia" is the definition. Etiology, macroscopic and microscopic signs of anemia due to increased hemolysis, due to bleeding, due to impaired production of red blood cells.
2. Blood diseases. Hemoblastosis. Leukemias: definition, classification by degree of differentiation, metastasis, clinical manifestations.
3. Blood diseases. Hemoblastosis. "Lymphoma" is the definition. Hodgkin's lymphoma: definition, macroscopic and microscopic signs, variants.
4. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis: definition, risk factors, stages of pathogenesis, morphogenesis (stages), clinical and morphological forms.
5. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension: definition, risk factors. Benign hypertension: stages, clinical and morphological forms, complications and outcomes. Malignant hypertension: concept, morphological changes, clinical manifestations, complications, outcomes.
6. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease: definition, risk factors, classification, forms. Angina pectoris, sudden coronary death: definition, morphological manifestations, complications, outcomes.
7. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease: definition, risk factors, classification, forms. Myocardial infarction: definition, etiology, classification depending on time, on the layer of myocardial damage, morphogenesis (stages), complications.
8. Rheumatic diseases: definition, general signs, stages of connective tissue disorganization. Rheumatism: definition, etiology, pathogenesis. Morphogenesis of rheumatic granuloma.
9. Rheumatic diseases: definition, general signs, stages of connective tissue disorganization. Characteristics of clinical and morphological forms of rheumatism, outcomes.
10. Respiratory diseases. Croup pneumonia: synonyms, definition, etiology, route of infection, stages, pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, causes of death.
11. Respiratory diseases. Bronchopneumonia: synonyms, definition, routes of infection, macroscopic and microscopic changes, pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, causes of death.
12. Respiratory diseases. Acute bronchitis: definition, etiology, pathomorphology, complications. Chronic bronchitis: definition, etiology, pathomorphology, complications.
13. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. "Gastritis" is the definition. Acute gastritis: etiology, morphological forms of gastritis, outcomes and complications. Chronic gastritis: etiology, classification of the Modified Sydney system (1996), prognosis.
14. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Peptic ulcer disease: definition, etiology (three factors). Macroscopic signs of stages of chronic recurrent ulcer. Morphological characteristics of chronic ulcers during remission and during exacerbation. Complications of peptic ulcer disease.
15. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Nonspecific ulcerative colitis (ulcerative colitis): definition, theories of development. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in acute and chronic forms of UC, complications. Crohn's disease: definition, three forms of intestinal damage. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in Crohn's disease. Complications.
16. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Appendicitis: definition, etiology. Morphological forms of acute appendicitis, complications.
17. Liver diseases. Hepatitis: definition, main groups depending on the etiology. Viral hepatitis. Pathomorphology of acute and chronic viral hepatitis, outcomes and complications. Alcoholic hepatitis: etiology, pathogenesis, macroscopic and microscopic signs, prognosis.
18. Liver diseases. Cirrhosis of the liver: definition, etiology, morphogenesis. Classification of liver cirrhosis based on etiology and morphogenesis. Pathogenesis of postnecrotic (large nodular) cirrhosis of the liver. Pathological anatomy, complications. Pathogenesis of portal (small-node) cirrhosis of the liver. Pathological anatomy, complications.
19. Kidney diseases. Glomerulonephritis with half-moons (rapidly progressive, malignant, extracapillary proliferative): definition, etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology, outcome.
20. Kidney diseases. Acute tubular necrosis (necrotic nephrosis, acute renal failure with tubular necrosis): definition, etiology, pathogenesis, stages, outcomes.
21. Infectious diseases. Tuberculosis: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and morphological forms. Pathomorphology of primary and hematogenous tuberculosis.
22. Infectious diseases. Tuberculosis: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and morphological forms. Pathomorphology of the phases of secondary tuberculosis.
23. Infectious diseases. Sepsis: definition, forms of course, pathomorphology, types, depending on the location of the entrance gate, clinical and morphological forms. Differences between sepsis and other infections.
24. Bacterial intestinal infections. Dysentery (shigellosis): definition, etiology, pathogenesis. Stages of morphogenesis of local changes in dysentery. Complications.
25. Diseases of the endocrine system. "Diabetes mellitus" is the definition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: concept, initiating factors, pathomorphology. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: concept, initiating factors, pathomorphology. Morphological changes in organs and tissues in diabetes mellitus. Complications.